June 3 2011 - Functional Groups

Functional groups

• are organic compounds contain elements other than carbon and hydrogen.
• may be a single atom (F,Cl,Br,I) or groups of atoms ( NO2,NH2)
• generally the most reactive part of the molecule

Examples of Functional Groups

Alcohol,Halides(Halogen) or NOtro,Aldehydes,Ketones,Carboxylic Acids,Ethers,Amine,Amides,Esters

Halides and Nitro Compounds

Those compounds are named similar to that of simple hydrocarbons and can be attached to alkanes,alkenes and alkynes

The main chain name will receive one of the following prefixes if the appropriate group is attached.

*Use di-,tri-,tetra- in front for multiple groups

Halogens Nitro

F=fluoro NO2=nitro

Cl=chloro

Br=bromo

I=iodo

Properties of Halogenated Compounds

1. compounds containing F,Cl,Br and I are generally insoluble in water
2. Fluorinated hydrocarbons are unreactive.
3. Compounds containing Cl or Br are more reactive but only under drastic conditions.
4. Compounds containing I are very reactive.

Properties of Nitro Compounds (NO2)

1. Normally insoluble in water
2. Unreactive to chemical attack, except under drastic conditions
3. Tend to be explosive
4. Generally have pleasant odour

Alcohols

Alcohol contains an -OH functional group

Alcohols are named by

- using the longest carbon chain containing the OH group

- Replacing the "E" ending in the parent hydrocarbon chain with the ending "OL"

Properties of Alcohols

1. OH group in an alcohol tends to make compounds soluble in water, however, the hydrocarbon chain tends to be insoluble in water.
2. All alcohols are poisonous to some degree.

Multiple OH

- If a compound has more than one -OH group number both and add -diol(2),-triol(3) endings

Aldehydes & Ketones

Both are organic compounds that contain a carbonyl functional group.

Aldehydes

-a compound that has a double bonded oxygen at the end of a chain

-Change the parent chain ending to -al

Ketones

-a hydrocarbon chain with a double bonded oxygen that is not on either end

-add -one to the parent chain

Properties of Aldehydes & Ketones

-Both are partially soluble in water

-very reactive and easily converted or oxidized to carboxylic acids

Alkynes and Alkenes

Monday May 30, 2011

Alkynes and Alkenes

-They are the terms used relating to carbon bonds, double and triple bond

-similar naming rule to alkanes, but the ending differs depending on double/triple bond

Double Bonding (Alkenes)

-Double bonds would end in -ene rather than -ane

ex. pentane --> pentene

Triple Bonding (Alkynes)

-Triple bonds would in in -yne rather than -ane

ex. pentane --> pentyne

EXAMPLE:

1-methyl-pentane

ch2-ch2-ch2-ch2-ch3

|

ch3

2,2-dimethyl-3-hexene

CH3 H

| |

CH3-C- C = C-CH2-CH3

| | |

CH3 H H

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